Lyrics by G. Derzhavin: genre originality, poetics

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin (1743-1816) - an outstanding Russian poet of the 18th - early 19th centuries. Derzhavin's work was innovative in many ways and left a significant mark on the history of the literature of our country, influencing its further development.

Life and work of Derzhavin

Reading Derzhavin's biography, it can be noted that the young years of the writer did not indicate in any way that he was destined to become a great man and a brilliant innovator.

Gavrila Romanovich was born in 1743 in the Kazan province. The family of the future writer was very poor, but belonged to the nobility.

Young years

As a child, Derzhavin had to endure the death of his father, which further worsened the financial situation of the family. The mother had to go to any lengths to provide for her two sons and give them at least some upbringing and education. There were not so many good teachers in the province where the family lived, they had to put up with those who could be hired. Despite the difficult situation, poor health, unqualified teachers, Derzhavin, thanks to his abilities and perseverance, was still able to get a decent education.

Military service

While still a student of the Kazan gymnasium, the poet wrote his first poems. However, he did not manage to finish his studies at the gymnasium. The fact is that a clerical error made by some employee led to the fact that the young man was sent to military service in St. Petersburg a year earlier, in the position of an ordinary soldier. Only ten years later he managed to achieve the rank of officer.

With the entry into military service, Derzhavin's life and work changed greatly. The duty of service left little time for literary activity, but despite this, during the war years, Derzhavin composed quite a lot of humorous poems, and also studied the works of various authors, including Lomonosov, whom he especially revered and considered a role model. German poetry also attracted Derzhavin. He knew the German language very well and was engaged in translations into Russian of German poets and often relied on them in his own poems.

However, at that time, Gavrila Romanovich did not yet see his main vocation in poetry. He aspired to a military career, to serve the motherland and improve the financial situation of the family.

In 1773-1774. Derzhavin participated in the suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev, but he did not achieve promotion and recognition of his merits. Having received only three hundred souls as a reward, he was demobilized. For some time, circumstances forced him to earn a living in a not entirely honest way - by playing cards.

Talent Discovery

It is worth noting that it was at this time, by the seventies, that his talent first revealed itself for real. "Chatalagay odes" (1776) aroused the interest of readers, although in a creative sense this and other works of the seventies were not yet completely independent. Derzhavin's work was somewhat imitative, in particular to Sumarokov, Lomonosov and others. The strict rules of versification, which, following the classic tradition, were subject to his poems, did not allow the author's unique talent to be fully revealed.

In 1778, a joyful event happened in the writer's personal life - he passionately fell in love and married Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon, who became his poetic muse for many years (under the name Plenira).

Own path in literature

Since 1779, the writer has chosen his own path in literature. Until 1791, he worked in the genre of an ode, which brought him the greatest fame. However, the poet does not simply follow the classicistic patterns of this strict genre. He reforms it, completely changing the language, which becomes unusually sonorous, emotional, not at all the same as it was in measured, rational classicism. Derzhavin completely changed the ideological content of the ode. If earlier state interests were above all, now personal, intimate revelations are also being introduced into Derzhavin's work. In this regard, he foreshadowed sentimentalism with its emphasis on emotionality, sensuality.

Last years

In the last decades of his life, Derzhavin stopped writing odes, love lyrics, friendly messages, and comic poems began to predominate in his work.

Derzhavin's work briefly

The poet himself considered his main merit to be the introduction of the “funny Russian style” into fiction, in which elements of high and colloquial style were mixed, lyricism and satire were combined. Derzhavin's innovation was also in the fact that he expanded the list of topics of Russian poetry, including plots and motifs from everyday life.

Solemn odes

Derzhavin's work is briefly characterized by his most famous odes. In them, everyday and heroic, civil and personal beginnings often coexist. Derzhavin's work thus combines previously incompatible elements. For example, "Poems for the Birth of a Porphyrogenic Child in the North" can no longer be called a solemn ode in the classic sense of the word. The birth of Alexander Pavlovich in 1779 was described as a great event, all geniuses bring him various gifts - intelligence, wealth, beauty, etc. However, the wish of the last of them ("Be a man on the throne") indicates that the king is a man, which was not characteristic of classicism. Innovation in the work of Derzhavin manifested itself here in a mixture of civil and personal status of a person.

"Felitsa"

In this ode, Derzhavin dared to turn to the empress herself and argue with her. Felitsa is Catherine II. Gavrila Romanovich presents the reigning person as something that violates the strict classicist tradition that existed at that time. The poet admires Catherine II not as a statesman, but as a wise person who knows her own path in life and follows it. The poet then describes his life. Self-irony in describing the passions that owned the poet serves to emphasize the dignity of Felitsa.

"On the Capture of Ishmael"

This ode depicts the majestic image of the Russian people conquering the Turkish fortress. Its strength is likened to the forces of nature: an earthquake, a sea storm, a volcanic eruption. However, it is not spontaneous, but obeys the will of the Russian sovereign, driven by a sense of devotion to the motherland. The extraordinary strength of the Russian warrior and the Russian people as a whole, his power and greatness were depicted in this work.

"Waterfall"

In this ode, written in 1791, the image of a stream becomes mainly, symbolizing the frailty of being, earthly glory and human greatness. The prototype of the waterfall was Kivach, located in Karelia. The color palette of the work is rich in various shades and colors. Initially, it was just a description of the waterfall, but after the death of Prince Potemkin (who died unexpectedly on the way home, returning with a victory in the Russian-Turkish war), Gavrila Romanovich supplemented the picture with semantic content, and the waterfall began to personify the frailty of life and lead to philosophical reflections on various values. Derzhavin was personally acquainted with Prince Potemkin and could not but respond to his sudden death.

However, Gavrila Romanovich was far from admiring Potemkin. In the ode, Rumyantsev is opposed to him - this is who, according to the author, is the true hero. Rumyantsev was a true patriot, caring about the common good, and not personal glory and well-being. This hero in the ode figuratively corresponds to a quiet stream. The noisy waterfall is contrasted with the unprepossessing beauty of the Suna River with its majestic and calm flow, clear waters. People like Rumyantsev, who live their lives calmly, without fuss and boiling of passions, can reflect the beauty of the sky.

Philosophical odes

The themes of Derzhavin's work continue the philosophical "On the Death of Prince Meshchersky" (1779) was written after the death of the heir Pavel. Reading this ode, at first it even seems that this is a kind of "hymn" to death. However, it ends with the opposite conclusion - Derzhavin calls on us to appreciate life as "heaven's instant gift" and live it in such a way as to die with a pure heart.

Anacreon lyrics

Imitating ancient authors, creating translations of their poems, Derzhavin created his own miniatures, in which one can feel the national Russian flavor, life, and describe Russian nature. Classicism in Derzhavin's work underwent a transformation here as well.

The translation of Anacreon for Gavrila Romanovich is an opportunity to go into the realm of nature, man and life, which had no place in strict classic poetry. The image of this ancient poet, who despises the world and loves life, attracted Derzhavin very much.

In 1804, the Anacreontic Songs were published as a separate edition. In the preface, he explains why he decided to write "light poetry": the poet wrote such poems in his youth, and published now because he left the service, became a private person and is now free to publish whatever he wants.

Late lyrics

The peculiarity of Derzhavin's work in the later period is that at this time he practically ceases to write odes and creates mainly lyrical works. The poem "Eugene. Life of Zvanskaya", written in 1807, describes the daily home life of an old nobleman who lives in a luxurious rural family estate. Researchers note that this work was written in response to Zhukovsky's elegy "Evening" and was polemical to the emerging romanticism.

Derzhavin's late lyrics also include the work "Monument", filled with faith in the dignity of man despite adversity, life's ups and downs and historical changes.

The significance of Derzhavin's work was very great. The transformation of classic forms begun by Gavrila Sergeevich was continued by Pushkin, and later by other Russian poets.

Derzhavin's favorite genre

Alternative descriptions

Pathetic, glorifying work

A poem in a solemn tone

Genre in poetry

solemn poem

Orchestral and choral work

Japanese commander (1534-1582)

. "...to Joy" by Schiller

. "Liberty"

. "Liberty" by genre

. "Song", which has become a genre of poetry

. "Mustache" by Pushkin (genre)

. "Felitsa" by Gavrila Derzhavin

. "Liberty" Radishchev

Genre of lyric poetry

Car IZH-2126

majestic verse

Type of poem

Uplifting verse

Praise

Praise in verse

Derzhavin

Dithyrambs in verse

G. solemn song (lyrical) poem praising glory, praise, greatness, victory, etc.

Genre "Mustache" by Pushkin

Genre Gavrila Derzhavin

Genre Horace

Genre Derzhavin

High lyric genre

Lyric genre

Genre of lyric poetry and music

Genre of lyric poetry and music; solemn, pathetic, glorifying works

Genre of poetry

Rhymed flattery

Rhymed toady

Renoir's painting "... to flowers"

Painting by the French artist Auguste Renoir "... to the flowers"

flattering verse

Flattery in rhyme

Flattery set to verse

Lyric genre

Lyric Poem for Singing in Choir

Flattering song

Any form of lyrics in Greece

Toadying in verse

Sneaky creation

Praise in rhyme

Praise in verse

Praise from a poet

Derzhavin's poetry

Poetry for glory (genre)

Poem by the English poet Percy Shelley "... to the west wind"

Poem of the English poet Percy Shelley "... freedom"

A poem like a dithyramb

Poetic praise

Poetic hymn

poetic genre

poetic work

upbeat poem

Glorifying poetry

Farewell at Brodsky

Rhyming flattery to the boss

rhymed praise

rhyming praise

Sister dithyramb

Collection of American poet Allen Ginsberg "Plutoniev ..."

glorious poem

glorious verse

doxology

Poem for a Hero

Poem for the occasion

Poem to the hero

Flatterer's verse

Verse from Lomonosov

Sneak Poem

Verse to the motherland

Poem dedicated to the motherland

Poems in a solemn tone

A poem in a solemn tone

Poetic praise

Poetic message

Poetic dithyramb

Poetic sycophancy

Poet's creation

solemn poetry

Solemnly sycophantic verse

solemn poem

Solemn poem dedicated to some historical event or hero

Solemn, glorifying poetic work

Solemn verses

solemn verse

Lyric form in ancient Greece

Praise in song

Praise in verse

Laudatory

laudatory poetry

laudatory, pompous

Laudatory genre of high lyrics

Verse of praise

Praise (poet.)

Praise from the poet

Song of praise

choral song

Japanese commander

4. Works by Derzhavin

1. Characteristics of Derzhavin's work

The work of Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin played a huge role in the development of Russian literature at the end of the 18th century. - the beginning of the 19th century, as it contributed to its liberation from classicism, which had become obsolete by that time, and the formation of a new progressive literary trend of realism. Derzhavin's work is closely connected with the pan-European and Russian advanced ideas and trends of the late 18th century. Derzhavin made for the development of Russian literature following:

✓ he was the first to assimilate the tendencies of the literary trend of romanticism, which was actively developing at that time in Europe, and gradually prepared the development of this trend in Russian literature;

✓ vividly expressed the trends in the development of European and Russian culture of his time;

✓ introduced elements of romanticism and folklore into Russian poetry;

✓ destroyed the tendencies of classicism in Russian poetry and literature in general, creating the ground for the development of romanticism, and then realism.

Derzhavin's poetry has the following ideological description:

✓ acceptance of autocracy and the current government, but at the same time criticism of unworthy rulers;

✓ the cult of service to Russian society, and this is the task of the poet;

✓ the creation and preaching of a high civil ideal of a nobleman and even a king as a servant of society who sacrificed himself for the good of society, and this ideal is a criterion for evaluating real people and their activities for the benefit of the state and society;

✓ the citizenship of Derzhavin's poetry, which gave rise to the civil poetry of Ryleev and Pushkin;

✓ the features of patriotism in poetry and the glorification of the greatness of the Fatherland, which are one of the main features of Derzhavin's work;

✓ preaching the idea of ​​a calm, pleasant, joyful life, which Derzhavin does not run counter to his lofty civic ideals and patriotism.

2. Features of realism in the work of Derzhavin

Derzhavin's work, being a harbinger of realism in Russian literature, has the following features of this trend:

✓ setting a realistic task in poetry, which boils down to depicting individual features, phenomena, everyday life and the surrounding reality in its real, genuine character;

✓ the embodiment of the country and time, first of all, in people and everyday phenomena, and not in ideological heights, which characterized Derzhavin's work as gravitating towards realism in Russian literature;

✓ the image of specific phenomena, people and objects, and not their analysis, which also speaks of the features of realism in the poet's work;

✓ the discovery of nature for Russian poetry and new ways of depicting it: bright, real, real, and not conditional pictures of nature;

✓ ignoring the rigid division of literature into genres, which had the following expression in the works of Derzhavin:

The name of any poetic work of Derzhavin is an ode;

The use of those means of expression that are close to the author, even if they do not correspond to the chosen genre;

A combination in one poem of different sizes;

The use and experimentation with different metrical forms, stanzas, sizes, sometimes the use of free verse;

✓ innovation of the literary language and style, which Derzhavin has the following features:

Development of a light short intimate-lyrical poem in parallel with large poetic forms;

Striving for the elegance of style and verse, for capturing and expressing fleeting, barely noticeable moods, pictures of wildlife, man, the world, life;

The use of speech turns that were not characteristic of Derzhavin's predecessors, among which are:

Expressions of colloquial speech, colored clearly democratically;

The connection of speech with folklore;

Refusal to use the saloon noble speech characteristic of that time;

The use of low and simple turns not only in satire, but also in "high" genres, for example, in an ode.

3. The image of personality in the work of Derzhavin

The innovative development of the theme of personality in Derzhavin's poetry also had features of realism. A peculiar, new development of the theme of personality in poetry had the following significance for the development of Russian literature:

✓ contributed to the development of literature and its departure from the traditions of classicism with its "faceless" hero, who does not have his own personality;

✓ prepared the "birth of man" in Russian literature and the development of the traditions of Zhukovsky's individual lyrical meditation, as well as in the perspective of psychological prose of the 19th century.

Derzhavin's portrayal of personality had the following features:

✓ the discovery of a national definition of the human personality, i.e., its consideration in a national key, as belonging to a certain nation (in this case, the Russian nation), which embodied the first attempts to raise literature to the level of social and historical understanding of the individual, which was subsequently successfully implemented A. S. Pushkin. Such an understanding of personality was expressed by Derzhavin as follows:

Images of Russian nature;

Pictures of Russian life;

Description of the ideal of man;

Democracy of the ideal hero;

Features of poetic speech;

✓ the image of a person not only on the scale of major historical events of national importance, but also in the little things and details of everyday life, that is, in everyday life;

✓ creation of the image of the hero not in accordance with specific genre features that the character should have, based on the established genre of the work, but reliance on what is close to the author and on what he wants to convey about himself through the hero (whether it is an autobiography or not ). The image of a real character and what the author gives him may not correspond to the originally given genre;

✓ the inseparability of the lyrical hero from ideas about the real author;

✓ creating an image of a real person, surrounded by a real life, having his own individual biography, his own character and his own psychology, and a description of his individual characteristics, and this is a way to create a portrait of a living real person.

4. Works by Derzhavin

Peru Derzhavin owns many poetic and prose works and odes. Derzhavin's creative heritage includes the following works:

✓ first literary experiences:

Prose translation from German (1773), which was his first literary work and published anonymously;

Collection of odes "Odes translated and composed at Mount Chitalagae", which included both translated and original works;

✓ the first significant works (1779), in which his own individual literary style begins to take shape, and these works include:

Ode "Key", in which vivid images of nature and concrete verbal speech appeared;

Ode "On the Birth of a Porphyrogenic Child";

Ode "On the Death of Prince Meshchersky", in which the lyricism of the individual human soul was opened to the reader;

✓ the ode "God" (1780-1784), which became one of Derzhavin's famous works, and in it he, developing the ideas of the poetry of early English romanticism, opposes the atheism of the French materialists;

✓ laudable ode "To Felitsa" (1782), which brought fame and recognition to the author in wide circles, including at court, and contains a new system of versification, which had the following features:

Praise to the Empress;

Lively speech and simple authentic lyrical presentation;

Saturation with jokes, features of everyday life, satirical images, including satire on courtiers;

Image of reality in all its diversity;

Interweaving of high and low, lyrical and satirical features;

✓ many odes saturated with elements of satire, and odes on civil topics that do not have that "high" pomposity that was characteristic of the old poetic style. Among which:

. "Ode on the Capture of Ishmael" (1790), containing no satire and executed in majestic colors, which also represented a new creative victory for Derzhavin;

Ode "Nobleman" (1790s), containing the features of a civil satirical ode with a satire on the vices of the ruling circles;

Ode "Waterfall" (1790s), which is the author's largest work;

✓ "Evgenia. Life of Zvanskaya", which was one of the greatest masterpieces of the author and gives a realistic and at the same time imbued with deep lyricism pictures of the world, life, life with all their details.

Zaitseva Larisa Nikolaevna,

teacher of Russian language and literature.

MB OU Gas pipeline secondary school with. Pochinki, Pochinkovsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region.

Item: literature

Class: 9

Subject: Repetition of the studied literature of the 18th century.

Test for grade 9 "G. R. Derzhavin»

The literature of the 18th century is the basis of all our further literature, so it is very important to know how it developed, who was its founder.G. R. Derzhavin, D. I. Fonvizin, N. M. Karamzin brought something new to literature, they were representatives of different trends, but their goal was the same - to make our language accessible, beautiful, understandable to the common man. The proposed test will test both the theoretical knowledge of students and practical ones. Moreover, the test will not take much time in the lesson, so it is more expedient to conduct it at the end of the lesson at the stage of consolidating the material.

1. Writers of the 18th century were:

A) Fonvizin,

B) Derzhavin

B) Karamzin.

2. Derzhavin's favorite genre:

A) comedy

B) lyrics

D) story and short story.

A) Fonvizin,

B) Derzhavin,

B) Karamzin.

4. Who owns the lines?

I loved sincerity

I thought they only liked

Mind and human heart

They were my genius.

A) Karamzin

B) Derzhavin

B) Fonvizin.

5. Who was the representative of classicism as a literary movement?

A) Fonvizin,

B) Derzhavin,

B) Karamzin.

6. Who wrote the comedy "The Brigadier"?

A) Fonvizin

b) Karamzin,

c) Derzhavin.

7. Who in his works raises the theme of the Fatherland and serving him?

A) Fonvizin,

B) Karamzin,

B) Derzhavin.

8. Who in his works depicts the customs of the court nobility?

A) Fonvizin,

B) Karamzin,

B) Derzhavin.

9. Who was the governor of the Olonets province?:

A) Fonvizin,

B) Karamzin,

B) Derzhavin.

10. Which of them wrote satirical works?

A) Fonvizin,

B) Derzhavin,

B) Karamzin.

11. Whose pen do the Letters of a Russian Traveler belong to?

A) Fonvizina,

B) Derzhavin,

B) Karamzin.

12. Which of them brought the literary language closer to living, natural colloquial speech?

A) Fonvizin,

B) Derzhavin,

A) Derzhavin

B) Karamzin,

B) Fonvizin.

14. Select signs of sentimentalism:

A) the ability of the hero to feel and experience,

B) compliance with the theory of "three calms",

C) in the center of the work are heroic personalities,

D) heroes are ordinary people,

D) the image of the beauty of nature,

E) observance of the rule of "three unities" - place, time, action.

15. In the story "Poor Lisa" Karamzin states:

A) education should be good,

B) the Fatherland must be served faithfully,

C) and peasant women know how to love,

D) You can not oppress the serfs.

Answers

Ratings

Overall rating:

For 20 - 24 - "5"

For 15 - 20 - "4"